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- <text>
- <title>
- Indian Ocean: Geography
- </title>
- <article><hdr>The World Factbook 1993: Indian Ocean
- Geography</hdr><body>
- <p>Location: body of water between Africa, Asia, Australia, and
- Antarctica
- </p>
- <list>
- <l>Area:</l>
- <l> total area: 73.6 million km2</l>
- <l> comparative area: slightly less than eight times the size of the
- US; third-largest ocean (after the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean,
- but larger than the Arctic Ocean)</l>
- </list>
- <p>note: includes Arabian Sea, Bass Straight, Bay of Bengal, Java Sea,
- Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Straight of Malacca, Timor Sea, and other
- tributary water bodies
- </p>
- <p>Coastline: 66,526 km
- </p>
- <p>International disputes: some maritime disputes (see littoral
- states)
- </p>
- <p>Climate: northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon
- (June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June and
- October/November in the north Indian Ocean and January/February in
- the south Indian Ocean
- </p>
- <p>Terrain: surface dominated by counterclockwise gyre (broad,
- circular system of currents) in the south Indian Ocean; unique
- reversal of surface currents in the north Indian Ocean, low
- atmospheric pressure over southwest Asia from hot, rising, summer air
- results in the southwest monsoon and southwest-to-northeast winds and
- currents, while high pressure over northern Asia from cold, falling,
- winter air results in the northeast monsoon and
- northeast-to-southwest winds and currents; ocean floor is dominated by
- the Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge and subdivided by the Southeast Indian
- Ocean Ridge, Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge, and Ninety East Ridge;
- maximum depth is 7,258 meters in the Java Trench
- </p>
- <p>Natural resources: oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and
- gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules
- </p>
- <p>Environment: endangered marine species include the dugong, seals,
- turtles, and whales; oil pollution in the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf,
- and Red Sea
- </p>
- <p>Note: major chokepoints include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz,
- Strait of Malacca, southern access to the Suez Canal, and the Lombok
- Strait; ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme south near
- Antarctica from May to October
- </p></body></article></text>
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